As already mentioned, the first attempts at artificial intelligence (AI) were based on heuristic search. It is believed the man to solve all problems through heuristic and it was thought that the mind was made up of powerful heuristic devices capable of starting from the general to the particular as was the case with the algorithms computer. Hence the efforts to find a general algorithm based on heuristic principles that were able to solve any problem. One example was the GPS (general problem solver) with which one could prove any mathematical theorem, but was unable to solve problems of an elementary to require a minimum of common sense. This failure led researchers to conclude that the heuristic was not everything and that if the man solved the problem was because he possessed the necessary knowledge for solving.
.
What gave rise to the explosion of knowledge-based systems known as expert systems which due to its narrow domain of problem solving did not meet the expectations of users. This crisis resulted in the symbolist paradigm in AI paradigms which caused the most important being those based on connections and based on cooperation. As our recent interest because they are those related to cooperation between intelligent agents adjusting the model for the structure of an intelligent organization. Another
attempts of artificial intelligence was trying to understand mental states through "toy worlds", a product of lack of knowledge about the nature of intelligence and on the other hand, there was the belief that learning in these domains toy could be extended without difficulty to more complicated problems but because of the complexity of real world problems can not be captured in these reduced models and therefore must be raised directly. Crisis
AI: Artificial Intelligence
has always been seen as a theoretical science, disconnected from reality, while for others they are methods for investigating the brain. But really, what have been your achievements? How has influenced the understanding of the human mind?
The AI \u200b\u200bseemed to be irreconcilable if we analyze through its three branches:
- Study of the human mind.
- Intelligent computer systems.
- Commercial systems based on AI techniques
Study of the Mind: Discovering the mysteries of the human mind, where the machine is used as a laboratory to test theories.
computer systems: computer techniques to analyze the simulation of intelligent behavior
Commercial systems: the machine is a tool through smart programs will anyone in their daily tasks.
Each of these methods denies the other's progress, and in some cases considered that has nothing to do with Artificial Intelligence.
According to this approach there are three areas of research and development of Artificial Intelligence. Study
àCiencia cognitive mind.
computer systems to intelligent machines.
commercial system
Knowledge Engineering Study of the Mind:
is considered a natural science research on the mind trying to understand the mechanisms of human creativity rely on computers to support this group thought emerge two great ideas that have been filled with promises of AI research: strong AI and weak AI.
Strong Artificial Intelligence:
The idea of \u200b\u200bstrong AI has been the dream of almost all researchers in this field. Holds that all mental operations are manifestations of complex sophisticated computational processes, and that it is irrelevant whether such processes are carried out by a human subject, a physical object or an electronic device. It accepts that the human mind may be reproduced or copied to another medium, the brain is considered more support.
IA In exchange for the weak (less radical than the last, and most widespread since the collapse of the idealistic approach of the early years) is not aware computing, and artificial simulation mental activity in any case gives rise to mental phenomena such as pain, recognition, understanding or intention. However accepting the possibility of a simulation of the functional identity involving mind, but never structural identity.
accepted the creation of a sufficiently complex algorithm that could be encoded by a computer program and control a robot in the same way you would a human.
2. Systems:
this group are less concerned about philosophical issues, although its membership is in a weak AI. For them the goal is to build perfect machines, learning to represent and manipulate the knowledge about the real world through a computer and do not care in the least if the thinking of the machines is somehow related to the human way of thinking.
For these researchers the machine is the subject of his research, which is viewed as a whole (soft and hard) and it is intended that such scope and levels of intelligence, probably not made by man, increasingly advanced. And he speculates that the machine replaces the man, given the limitless possibilities of it.
The largest contributions to the field of AI should be in this group in key areas such as: robotics, technology knowledge, distributed AI, Lisp machines, etc.
3. Commercial systems:
applications are developed to solve problems that previously were the domain only of humans. Computer specialists are dedicated to addressing algorithms through unstructured tasks for practical purposes, often using complex data structures.
can be seen as a branch of engineering dedicated to creating commercial products. especially expert systems. For example, expert systems (which will be discussed in item 3).
Each approach creates a work philosophy that makes it incompatible communication between each group of researchers, from their "beliefs" of mind, machines and users. Even see how the machine changed for everyone.
Gone are the days when the IA was seen as a mystical science full of threats, some thought would replace expert systems specialist, today with a more mature without false expectations, remember the 5th Japanese project. Generation of AI techniques will gradually pass imperceptibly, it is more, it appears that intelligence will be expanded and that cooperation between humans and intelligent systems will emerge the bases of knowledge-based societies. Hence
IA abandon the autistic systems (enclosed in itself) to allow open systems to share information intelligently, in turn allowing the combination of different knowledge representation paradigms such as those based on rules, frames (frames ) scripts. And new research issues arise such as:
- The formalization of common sense.
- Learning.
- The integration of different paradigms of intelligence.
- The complete cognitive architecture development.
While Artificial Intelligence bleeds in infighting and define what is and is not Artificial Intelligence, in computing conventional hardware running at a rapid pace in the construction of ever faster machines with more memory and more likely to symbolic calculations, which is forecast to reach the creation of intelligent machines in the short term without Artificial Intelligence.
0 comments:
Post a Comment