Cybernetics In our day should not be seen either as a science, nor as a discipline, but as a movement of ideas, tried to break with the narrow expertise of each discipline. Cyber \u200b\u200bmovement allowed scientists of many different branches are grouped in groups of research and for the first time, mathematicians, physiologists and specialists in electronics to be integrated into multidisciplinary teams. Its creator, Norbert Wiener after years working on mathematical theories and formulas to add some great mathematical apparatus, began working on technical issues such as control of anti-aircraft artillery fire and more efficient transmission of coded messages through communications systems. Wrote a book on cybernetics and control in animals and machines became a success. The stage was set for a new revolution in science.
Cybernetics is based on the study of machines (artificial objects) and its application, which promoted a new scientific revolution based on the interaction of humans with machines at a pace never before seen technological growth and character unpredictable. This rate is already being felt and we can say, for example, that a man of the sixteenth century could very well have lived without many surprises in the seventeenth century instead one of the nineteenth century would have great trouble adapting to XX and everything indicates that this acceleration will continue to increase, which will make old age a person has to live in a world completely different from your childhood.
With cybernetics machine concept has changed over the years. After those first mechanical machines which sought to completely or partially replace physical labor of man and animals, have followed others, whose aim is the mechanization of mental labor. Today the machines perform functions that were previously considered characteristic of the human intellect. But perhaps the most important contribution of cybernetics was founded on analogies, hence the feature exogenous science, which is given by the interaction with other branches of knowledge and internal assimilation, but mainly by the proposed general theories that explain phenomena of the other sciences. For example, cybernetics has preferred to rely on model theory, which places more emphasis on the functional representation of bodies in its structure in the vertical or hierarchical. This, coupled with the search for analogies between the phenomena and not to the reduction of one another led her to become a scientific ideology for understanding the world.
Another contribution of cybernetics, is the use of mathematical apparatus, which until then was used almost exclusively as physics and cybernetics in turn was a common discipline to several research areas, which resulted in branches such as psychology, sociology and biology , could somehow formalize their theories, and even went so far as methods of testing were provided through the creation of machinery for study behaviors, reactions, reflexes, learning, etc.
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When trying to model the structure of an object rather than the structure they had in mind was the reproduction of his work on another structure and is aimed for the artificial object model or exhibit a behavior similar to the original. I say similar because in reality the behavior shown by the models has always been subject to the interpretation of the researcher. These modeling efforts led researchers to build machines with behavior such as turtles and foxes Grey Walter Albert Ducrocq, which were nothing more than small machines with movement and is guided by the light, others are guided by sound or had some form of radar. But most interesting was the interpretation that was given to the behavior of these ciberanimalitos. For Grey Walter turtles could move from a phlegmatic another irascible behavior. To Ducrocq, its foxes were able to express feelings of affection between them. I know this to rationalists may seem childish, but is not it interesting if not true that human beings continue using your imagination to interpret the phenomena and to keep alive in these times of scientific determinism, its ability to "surprise ?.
Today nobody talks about emotional experiences with turtles, foxes, mice ... The ideas were very simple: any device could show some form of human behavior. That was the dream of the cyber-Play life in all its manifestations, not only intelligence, as claimed in these times of Artificial Intelligence. And it did not base the Cybernetics his research on the basis that the machine would replace the man, who always saw both as systems with functional analogies, that while they had great differences because agencies own organizational structure and possessed a In turn, many similarities, hence the cyber gave him, ever greater emphasis on the influence of structure on the mind, but both viewed as a system capable of functioning as a whole.
live in a world of both social and spiritual crisis, and the desperate man turns his eyes to science and it expects the solution to major problems that overwhelm and cyber ideology sees a new approach. Here are some of the problems are returning: The education system, health (the prosthesis), death, creativity, consumer goods production, development, understanding the human mind, happiness, evolution ( Convergence men and machines), new forms of social organization (posthumanity), human enhancement (man machine connection)
is why cybernetics to over the years has been transformed into one of the ideologies of most influential science, and like Physics and Biology, engenders great promise and for many it becomes the new savior of the world because it has provided one of the richest and most powerful metaphors: the so-called computer metaphor or cybernetics, offering a new vision of society and opens the door to a post-industrial era. Today there are many who think that the machine will replace the man, or those who believe that the human mind can be simulated by a computer, or who dream of creating artificial life.
Birth of Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) was founded at a congress held in 1956, when a group of scientists gathered at Dartmouth College, convened by the researcher John McCarthy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) discussed about the potential of computers to simulate human intelligence and laid the groundwork for research in AI. It took four of which later greatly influence the development of AI, McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon.
The IA has emerged as a reaction to Cybernetics. The pioneers of the new research approach, we propose the creation of a science in itself, based on their own laws, and raised as a main goal the development of computer programs capable of exhibiting intelligent behavior. Many researchers were convinced that the complicated processes that make up the intelligence would be unpacked, which could be developed that represent mathematical models and computers could emulate these processes effectively.
AI cyber continued attempts to formalize their theories and the creation of a mathematical apparatus itself. For the experiment suggested the use of computers as a laboratory in which to test the effectiveness of their hypotheses. But in his quest to become a science endogenous, not dependent on external laws, left the analogy as a method of research and inevitably had to resort to reductionism that in its fort was the attempt to reproduce the human mind into a computer.
