1. The scene: Artificial Intelligence.
During the early years of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is based on the development of programs that were able to perform activities of the human mind, such as proving theorems, playing checkers, chess, creative solutions to unstructured problems based on heuristics or in fields where expertise is required, expert systems. The way to achieve a non-human intelligence to many was too slow and did not meet expectations. Many hoped to have created a non-human intelligence in the 80s. You could say that in the late 80s and early 90s many investigators began to despair, and there were many who left their laboratories most promising lines of work.
Sense of failure that invaded both weak AI as strong AI. For the weak whose goal was to create computer systems that carry out activities requiring intelligence such as expert systems, in which high hopes both researchers and commercial, it was expected that the market was packed with expert systems, including methods Japanese, not to be outdone, threw in his famous 5th project. Generation that is also as yet another attempt. For its part the strong whose purpose is to reproduce in the machine's extensive range, subtlety and depth of human intelligence, I can not meet their goals in less than 20 years have reproduced the human mind and were stuck in very elementary models intelligence, as the world of blocks and in closed systems that were unable to show initiative or failed miserably to any problem that would require common sense.
2. New players: Vinge and Kurzweil
start with the American
Vernor Vinge, who predicts that the creation of entities with greater than human intelligence will be a reality before 2030. The author gives more importance to the computer hardware to its programs and focuses on creating intelligent machines themselves independent emulate the human mind and says that there are other ways different from the IA to reach the superman to which He called intelligence amplification, the same is happening is a natural way, each time improving our ability to access information and communicate. This leads to the conclusion of an intelligence "pop" that may arise from time to time.
Moreover, Vingen, believes that the power and influence of Internet are still very much discussion: "The total anarchy of the worldwide network is evidence of its potential. As you grow connectivity, bandwidth, the size of the storage capacity and processing speed (the ability to communicate in variable bandwidths, including some much higher than voice or written messages). What happens when parts of the ego can be copied and attached to others, when self-consciousness may increase or decrease to approach the nature of the problem under consideration? It's like a biosphere recapitulated as a data processor, but a million times faster and with millions of humans as intelligent agents (we themselves). "
Vingen also proposes a strong superhuman intelligence, which could resemble a Society of Mind (Minsky's idea) with several well-qualified components, where some of these" human equivalent "could be used just to digital signal processing. He adds: "For those who have not changed (those who choose to remain human) achievement is a benign treatment, perhaps giving the appearance of being the owners of a slave demigods (the super-intelligent machines).
reductionism is always in the mind of every scientist and Ray Kurzweil takes the idea of \u200b\u200breverse engineering and to processes of mind. He says: A computer is faster than the human brain in some things, but the trick is to have the richness, subtlety and depth of our thinking. To achieve this will be key intelligence software, based on reverse engineering, copying the human brain works. Our brain circuits are three-dimensional and based on some very complex connections. Scanning the brain can create a replica and artificial three-dimensional circuits using nanotubes (microscopic tubes) we can emulate their performance and create an advanced artificial intelligence. The American professor Andreas Nowatzyk already working on a project to copy the brain of a mouse. It is a first step in what will come next.
As Vingen not limited to technological development which absorbs all human activities. And commitment to technological change that breaks with the slow biological evolution. And he says that many scientists have a linear perspective and see the future as a carbon copy of last retouched. That is a mistake. We are in an exponential growth phase in which a confluence of information technology, biotechnology, quantum physics, nanotechnology ... This century will equal 20,000 years of linear development.
Among its many predictions are scanning the brain and then install it on other non-biological and how to achieve total immersion virtual. And he thinks that virtual reality environments integrate all the senses at the same time be able to improve intelligence, you can think faster, more complex thought and tele load knowledge, and dreams of these virtual reality environments between 2030 and 2040 to compete with real environments.
3. He thinks the father of Artificial Intelligence
Minsky who was one of the founders of AI, along with John McCarthy and leader of the "ragged" with Schank (and they were called to the researchers who defended the represetanción semantic versus the "neat" that advocated a logical representation) where he defended the idea of \u200b\u200ban AI as close as possible to human thought and opposed to the cold formality of logic, it being now one of the champions of the replacement of man by machines. Minsky
who can not hide his disappointment with artificial intelligence said: "The IA is in a laughable, because we can make machines to do the kind of thing that makes an" expert ", but still can not get do most of things you can do a 4 years. While acknowledging that the IA is jam, announces that it has only been stopped for a moment. He says: By 1980 the progress stopped in some way and the people scattered in other directions to try to find some way to return.
Minsky in his old age, seems to give more importance to the immortality that own ethical sense of what it proposes, then say: "So far we have tended to see ourselves as an end product of evolution, but evolution has not ceased . The truth is that we are evolving more rapidly, but the slow Darwinian process. It is time we begin to think of our new identities that are emerging. We can begin to design systems based on an ingenious kind of unnatural selection, which can take advantage of acquired characteristics. "He adds:" We in a primitive age in which machines have no prospect of the future, or "basic family values." And yes, I have to insist that this knowledge will lead to the extension of our pitiful life time. "
With regard to the ethical sense of their ideas, says it's so bad that if he insists he's going to be worse. And he proposes, not without reason, that ethics must come from people who know that. He adds: Do not think it's good to ask scientists to understand the consequences of their work because they can not. And to justify it by saying: They spend all their time thinking at work, so I do not think about ethics or consequences.
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And I conclude with a paragraph my essay "post-humanism and posthumanistic?" Published by Social Sciences in 1996: In the future there will be new trends based on the cooperation of all intelligences (nobody knows how many or how they will be), and there will be new professions that have to do with non-human intelligences, and above all, I think, will intensify the studies on human intelligence, psychology, neurophysiology, anthropology, sociology, parapsychology and others. It is completely rational to think that the man with the super intelligence of the machines try to understand their own humanity and feel more than ever the need of their own brain (which would be irrational man devoted to worship as gods machines). The machines will in turn serve man as a driver of new creative forces, east to avoid having to engage in routine activities ... more time to give a more efficient use your brain, or is the man so stupid that instead of improving its educational system increasingly looking to be creative, cling as the only solution to the perfection of the machines, when in fact both can be better and they both machines and humans depend on the individual's ability as a social being.
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